Scientists Create Corals in Lab to Better Resist Climate Change
2021-12-28
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1When corals are mentioned, many people think of rock-life forms in the sea filled with colorful fish.
2But corals are made up of hundreds of thousands of small organisms which live and feed like any other sea life.
3For the past five years, researchers in Hawaii and Australia have been engineering corals inside a lab to see if they could better resist the effects of climate change.
4They say it is now time to see how their creations perform in nature.
5The scientists say climate change linked to human causes has led to warming oceans that can harm sea life.
6They say if the more heat-resistant corals they developed do well in the ocean, the method can be used to help save suffering and dying reefs.
7The team tested three methods for making corals that would be strong and healthy in nature.
8One was the method of selective breeding.
9This method involves scientists choosing parents with desirable characteristics for reproductive purposes.
10The goal is to produce babies with the same desirable characteristics.
11A second method subjected the corals to increasing temperatures to condition them to be able to survive in warm ocean environments.
12The third involved making changes to the algae that provide corals with necessary nutrients.
13The leader of the project, University of Hawaii researcher Kira Hughes, said all the methods proved successful in the lab.
14She told The Associated Press that some scientists might worry that such methods go against the natural processes of nature.
15But with the planet continuing to warm more and more, she does not see any better options.
16"We have to intervene in order to make a change for coral reefs to survive into the future," Hughes said.
17When ocean temperatures rise, corals release algae that supplies nutrients and gives them color.
18This causes them to turn white, a process called bleaching.
19When this happens, corals can quickly become sick and die.
20But for years, scientists have been observing corals that have survived bleaching, even when others have died on the same reef.
21They are now centering on those healthy survivors and hoping to further increase their resistance to heat.
22Those corals were used as the parents for the newly created kinds.
23A recent study from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other research organizations took a close look at bleaching events.
24It found them to be the biggest current threat to the world's coral reefs.
25Scientists found that between 2009 and 2018, the world lost about 14 percent of its corals.
26"Corals are threatened worldwide by a lot of stressors, but increasing temperatures are probably the most severe," said Crawford Drury.
27He is the chief scientist at Hawaii's Coral Resilience Lab.
28Madeleine van Oppen is a research scientist with the Australian Institute of Marine Science.
29She told the AP there were concerns about whether the experiments could result in a loss of genetic diversity.
30And there were critics who said the scientists were "playing god" by making such changes to the reef.
31"Well, you know, (humans) have already intervened with the reef for very long periods of time," van Oppen said.
32"All we're trying to do is to repair the damage."
33Rather than editing genes or creating anything unnatural, the researchers are just attempting to begin what could already happen in the ocean, van Oppen added.
34In this way, she said, the team can center on a small area to keep and "enhance" what is already there.
35I'm Bryan Lynn.
1When corals are mentioned, many people think of rock-life forms in the sea filled with colorful fish. But corals are made up of hundreds of thousands of small organisms which live and feed like any other sea life. 2For the past five years, researchers in Hawaii and Australia have been engineering corals inside a lab to see if they could better resist the effects of climate change. 3They say it is now time to see how their creations perform in nature. 4The scientists say climate change linked to human causes has led to warming oceans that can harm sea life. They say if the more heat-resistant corals they developed do well in the ocean, the method can be used to help save suffering and dying reefs. 5The team tested three methods for making corals that would be strong and healthy in nature. 6One was the method of selective breeding. This method involves scientists choosing parents with desirable characteristics for reproductive purposes. The goal is to produce babies with the same desirable characteristics. 7A second method subjected the corals to increasing temperatures to condition them to be able to survive in warm ocean environments. The third involved making changes to the algae that provide corals with necessary nutrients. 8The leader of the project, University of Hawaii researcher Kira Hughes, said all the methods proved successful in the lab. 9She told The Associated Press that some scientists might worry that such methods go against the natural processes of nature. But with the planet continuing to warm more and more, she does not see any better options. 10"We have to intervene in order to make a change for coral reefs to survive into the future," Hughes said. 11When ocean temperatures rise, corals release algae that supplies nutrients and gives them color. This causes them to turn white, a process called bleaching. When this happens, corals can quickly become sick and die. 12But for years, scientists have been observing corals that have survived bleaching, even when others have died on the same reef. They are now centering on those healthy survivors and hoping to further increase their resistance to heat. Those corals were used as the parents for the newly created kinds. 13A recent study from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other research organizations took a close look at bleaching events. It found them to be the biggest current threat to the world's coral reefs. Scientists found that between 2009 and 2018, the world lost about 14 percent of its corals. 14"Corals are threatened worldwide by a lot of stressors, but increasing temperatures are probably the most severe," said Crawford Drury. He is the chief scientist at Hawaii's Coral Resilience Lab. 15Madeleine van Oppen is a research scientist with the Australian Institute of Marine Science. She told the AP there were concerns about whether the experiments could result in a loss of genetic diversity. And there were critics who said the scientists were "playing god" by making such changes to the reef. 16"Well, you know, (humans) have already intervened with the reef for very long periods of time," van Oppen said. "All we're trying to do is to repair the damage." 17Rather than editing genes or creating anything unnatural, the researchers are just attempting to begin what could already happen in the ocean, van Oppen added. In this way, she said, the team can center on a small area to keep and "enhance" what is already there. 18I'm Bryan Lynn. 19The Associated Press reported this story. Bryan Lynn adapted the report for VOA Learning English. Hai Do was the editor. 20We want to hear from you. Write to us in the Comments section, and visit our Facebook page. 21_________________________________________________ 22Words in This Story 23coral - n. a hard, usually pink or white substance produced by a type of very small sea animal 24reef - n. a chain of rocks or coral or a ridge of sand at or near the surface of water 25characteristic - n. a typical quality that makes one person or thing different from others 26algae - n. usually small plants that grow in or near water and do not have typical leaves of roots 27stressor - n. something that causes stress (great worry or emotional difficulty 28diversity - n. a situation in which many different kinds of things or people are included in something 29enhance - v. to improve the quality, amount or strength of something